environment

Attracting Year-Round Birds to Your Backyard!

September 8, 2019 Leave a Comment

Tips & Tricks for Attracting Year-Round Birds to Your Backyard

Many bird species throughout The Land Between stay in Canada year-round, rather than migrating South in the wintertime. Chickadees for example, do not actually migrate south, but rather move around a lot, looking for food and habitat. Black-capped Chickadees are the most common Chickadee you will find in The Land Between, wintering in large flocks with other small birds. Other birds you may see in the winter time include Ruffed grouse, Spruce grouse, Barred owl, Great Gray owl, Northern Hawk owl, Red-breasted Nuthatch, Common Raven , Blue Jay, Cark-eyed Junco, Pine Grosbeak, Pine Siskin, Evening Grosbeak, Black-capped Chickadee, Gray Jay, Pileated Woodpecker, Downy Woodpecker, Black – backed Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpecker, American Goldfinch, Red-tailed Hawk, Northern Goshawk, Bald Eagle, Wild Turkey, Golden-crowned Kinglet, Northern Shrike, Northern Cardinal and White-winged Crossbill (Haliburton Forest & Wildlife Reserve, 2013). There are many tips & tricks you can employ to welcome birds to your backyard year-round.

Feeders

The best kind of bird feeders can withstand heavy weather and storms in the winter, while being sturdy enough to keep the seeds dry inside and squirrel free!
Often, different species of birds are attracted to different styles of feeders. Find out more about feeder types by visiting feederwatch.org.
The placement of your feeder is also very important. For example, feeders should be kept on windowsills or affixed to windows to avoid injury from taking flight into patio doors, or other windows.
Cleaning your feeders regularly will help prevent illness in birds visiting your backyard.
Investigating what types of birds like what types of food can go a long way. For example, cracked corn is a favourite of Blue Jays, but Warblers eat primarily insects, making them more difficult to attract to your backyard.

Habitat

Habitat in the winter is very important to year-long birds throughout The Land Between. Tree-covered areas, including woodlots and orchards, often provide important habitat for nest-holes during the winter (Canadian Wildlife Federation, 2019). Avoid clearing your yard of trees and these appropriate habitat features.
Rotting wood, and evergreens help to provide shelter during ice storms and heavy snowfall. Where possible, try and leave suitable shelter for birds visiting your backyard.
Some birds, such as Chickadees will hide food throughout its territory for times of decreased food availability, leaving rotting wood and hiding spaces available in your backyard will increase the chances of attracting winter birds.

Reporting

The Land Between has over 80 species at risk, including many bird species! Reported sightings help us track population levels, understand threats and highlight significant areas or habitat features for management and conservation. All information is kept private and is not distributed to any third parties without your specific consent. Follow the link to report your bird sightings this winter!

To Download in PDF: Tips & Tricks for Attracting Year Long Birds to Your Backyard

Zooplankton – Small but Mighty!

August 13, 2019 Leave a Comment

Did you know that when you go swimming in a lake or ocean, you are swimming with billions upon billions of microscopic creatures called plankton!

Plankton are not unique to Ontario lakes or streams; they are the basis of aquatic food chains across the world. In some place’s phytoplankton is bioluminescent, meaning they are essentially glow in the dark organisms! Pictured above is bioluminescent phytoplankton in Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, Australia (Credit: Getty Images)

Zooplankton are microscopic animals that swim or drift in water, they are the base of the food chain for many lakes and wetlands. These tiny little creatures feed on microscopic plants called phytoplankton, while being fed upon by larger insects, fish and salamanders. Most zooplankton are filter feeders, using their appendages to strain bacteria, algae and other fine particles in the water. Adult females of zooplankton called Daphnia can produce their body mass in eggs every two to three days (University of Georgia, 2019)! Although zooplankton are microscopic and rarely visible to the human eye, they are crucial for the health of our lakes by acting as both filters and food for lake species.

Decreasing zooplankton populations means less food, which results in fewer, smaller fish (EPA, 2019). There are also invasive zooplankton that have the ability to alter and endanger aquatic ecosystems by outcompeting native species for resources (Invading Species Ontario, 2019). One of the most common invasive zooplankton species in Ontario is the spiny waterflea, originating from parts of Eurasia. The government of Ontario estimates that spiny waterflea introductions result in an average 30 to 40 per cent decline in native populations of zooplankton, decreasing food supplies for small fish. Monitoring and protecting zooplankton populations is therefore crucial to tracking the health of aquatic ecosystems in Ontario lakes.

Here are a few key facts about zooplankton:

Zooplankton are indicators of ecosystem health, biodiversity, climate change, fish productivity and nutrient outputs
Without zooplankton, aquatic food chains would be incomplete
Zooplankton feed off of phytoplankton sucking in and storing CO2, when they die some of them sink to the bottom of the lake, taking carbon dioxide with them, inevitably decreasing the amount of CO2 released in the atmosphere
Zooplankton are highly responsive to nutrient levels, temperatures, pollution, levels of light and increases predation, meaning that a change in zooplankton concentration can indicate a subtle or extreme environmental change
Invasive zooplankton can have adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems, negatively impacting fish populations

Changes in aquatic ecosystems such as pollution, sediment disruption and overfishing can have enormous consequences for plankton and the environment. The richer an ecosystem in biodiversity the more stable it is because there are more species and genetic variability. This isn’t to say that we shouldn’t work to preserve all species, but instead, that increased biodiversity allows for a more stable ecosystem less vulnerable to collapse. If you’re interested in helping research and monitor Ontario lakes, The Federation of Ontario Cottagers’ Associations (FOCA) has a guide to citizen science that includes Zooplankton and Benthic (aquatic insect) research! Zooplankton, although tiny, play a crucial role in the health of aquatic ecosystems and act as bioindicators to let people know when things go astray!

To Download PDF: Zooplankton Small but Mighty!

To learn more about plankton visit the following links:

http://archive-srel.uga.edu/outreach/factsheet/zooplankton.html

https://marinebio.org/creatures/zooplankton/

https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/plankton

http://www.invadingspecies.com/spiny-and-fishhook-waterfleas/

https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/kelseyswieca/plankton-portal/about/research

https://foca.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/FOCA-Citizen-Science-Guide-FINAL-2018.pdf

https://www.ontario.ca/page/spiny-and-fishhook-water-flea

The Devastating Impacts of Fireworks on the Environment

July 30, 2019 Leave a Comment

Everyone enjoys a good light show when celebrating holidays and long weekends- but did you know that fireworks can have harmful effects on wildlife and the surrounding environment?

As of 2018, the township of Banff Alberta has decided to ditch fireworks in a vow to protect the environment and wildlife (Photo Credit: iStock, Getty Images)

According to figures provided by the Office of the Ontario Fire Marshal, fireworks were blamed for 129 fires and almost $2.5 million in damage in Ontario between 2009 and 2013. In addition to property damage, research studies show that the loud sounds of fireworks can cause a great amount of fear, stress and anxiety in wild animals. Animals such as birds and other small mammals are often reported abandoning their nests leaving their defenceless babies behind due to the trauma that they experience from the loud bangs of combustion. The panic of the ordeal can cause disorientation, decreasing the ability for wildlife to locate their homes.

In addition to noise, fireworks can also expose both humans and animals to toxic chemicals from the smoke upon combustion. Scientists from the Meteorological Service of Canada concluded that “studies are needed to document exposure to species of the elements emitted by fireworks and to assess the toxicity of particles of various chemical compositions in inhaled fireworks smoke” (Atmospheric Environment, 2010). Upon combustion, many chemicals and small minerals are released into the air. Leftover particles that fall to the ground can pollute waterways and pose as a risk to both wildlife and humans.

Places around the world are taking action to reduce the negative impacts of fireworks. Beijing, China has outlawed the use of fireworks completely, as the risk of air pollution is too high. Collecchio, Italy has switched to silent fireworks to reduce anxiety among animals. Similarly, Banff, Alberta has cut out the use of fireworks for large celebrations all together due to the adverse effects on local wildlife.

While fireworks can be dangerous for wildlife, there are ways that you can reduce your impact if you do still choose to use them. Here are a few safety tips to minimize the dangers to wildlife and the environment:

Use fireworks that produce less noise among combustion, unfortunately Canada has yet to sell completely noiseless fireworks, but you can ask your fireworks salesperson for ones that make less noise
Wait until well after dusk to ignite fireworks, late evening is prime feeding time for many animals- especially deer, after it gets dark there will be fewer animals nearby to be affected by the disruption
Clean up all firework residue promptly and thoroughly to avoid toxic chemicals and other poisons harmful to animals if they ingest them
Avoid using fireworks near trees, bird houses, known nesting areas, or other sheltered areas where wildlife might be living
Remove bird feeders prior to lighting fireworks to discourage birds from being nearby during the light show
Try and use fireworks in areas that are less vulnerable to chemical pollutants and easier to clean up (such as open fields rather than waterways and lakes)

Enjoy responsibly, keep the environment and local wildlife safe from harm, or better yet, opt for a different form of entertainment.

Download in PDF: The Devastating Impacts of Fireworks on the Environment

To learn more, please visit the following links:

https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/explosives/fireworks-use/9883

https://www.terrapass.com/fireworks-impact-environment

Bienen, L. (2006). Chinese Fireworks Spark Pollution Controversy. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4(10), 510-510. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.cat1.lib.trentu.ca:8080/stable/3868894

https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-banff-ditches-big-bang-canada-day-fireworks-to-protect-wildlife/

Recreational Boating and the Environment – Tips and Tricks for Environmentally Conscious Boating

July 16, 2019 Leave a Comment

A day out on the boat is a good way to unwind and relax, but did you know recreational boating may have a significant impact on the marine environment around you?

Loons and their chicks are often vulnerable to collisions with fast-moving boats. Be sure to use caution when boating out on the lake and avoid large wakes that could potentially spook wildlife. Photo courtesy of Tracey McCann.

Recreational boating is a significant part of the Canadian economy and pastime for the nations boaters (National Marine Manufacturers Association Canada, 2019). Although an enjoyable pastime, boats interact with aquatic ecosystems in a variety of ways that could be potentially harmful for the environment. Some of the most common impacts of boating may include: noise pollution, sediment disruption, erosion and disturbance of fish habitats (The District Municipality of Muskoka, 2011).

Studies done by Wisconsin University on water quality found that lakes with high boat traffic experience a higher growth of algae and kick up of sediment, affecting water clarity (Asplund, 2000). The Land Between is particularly at risk due to it’s high concentration of freshwater lakes and shorelines. As sediments begin to get turned up by propellers, adding more minerals and compounds to the water, the water chemistry begins to change, decreasing the suitability of water quality for both wildlife and humans. Aquatic plants and animals have specific requirements for light, temperature, water clarity, pH level and more. As a result, water dependent species are vulnerable to chemicals put into the water and sediment disturbance caused by frequent boating.

Fish can also become endangered by high boat traffic as boat engines are designed to deliver a large amount of power in a relatively small area. For example, the turbulence from a boat motor can dramatically change water temperatures by pushing warmer water from the surface downwards, directly affecting fish habitat and spawning beds. Inboard motors are especially disruptive, as they are fully submerged and the driver does not have as much control over the force of water being pushed downwards. Many species of fish, such as lake trout, are extremely vulnerable to these impacts, as more and more motorboats are out on the water. Other wildlife, such as loons, are facing the impact of boating, as large wakes can spook and disturb them. Loons and their chicks are often vulnerable to collisions with fast-moving boats, as it is often difficult for boaters to see them when travelling excessive speeds.

In addition to recreational boating and fishing, in some areas humans rely on lakes and rivers for swimming and drinking water. Studies have shown that swimming in heavily trafficked waterways has been known to impair health due to toxins found in the water (Environmental International, 2008). For example, tributylin (TBT), a type of anti-fouling paint additive that is often used on boats, can pollute water and pose as a threat to recreational swimmers. Upon contact TBT can be absorbed through the skin and eyes through swimming or inhalation. Some side effects may include: eye irritation, headaches, weakness, tremors and incoordination (Cornell University, 1993). Many municipalities also tap fresh waterways and filter it for drinking and human uses. When more pollutants are added to the water, filtration systems require a more energy intensive, and costly filtration process.

Despite the many impacts boating can have on the natural environment, it is possible to continue boating without having such an extreme impact on the water and wildlife around you. Here are a few environmentally conscious boating tips:

Practice regular boat maintenance to ensure that your vessel is safe for the water and contributing as little pollution as possible
Avoid large wakes near shore to prevent sediment disturbance and shoreline erosion
Have a supply of rags on board to clean up any oil or fuel spills as they occur
Use all natural and non-toxic cleaning solutions for the exterior of your boat, www.sailorsforthesea.org specializes in non-toxic cleaning products
Be cautious with portable fuel tanks, be sure to fill up on shore and secure closed when not in use
Remain cautious and slow down when approaching significant natural habitats such as wetlands and known spawning beds
Ensure that your boat is free of zebra mussels or any other invasive species before travelling different water bodies
If boat shopping, and a motor-free boat is not an option, opt for an outboard motor which gives the driver more control over the amount of water being forced downwards
Opt for paddled watercraft, such as canoes, kayaks or paddleboards to enjoy your time out on the water
When spotting wildlife on the water or shoreline, be sure to give them lots of space and admire from afar, in addition, avoid travelling excessive speeds and creating large wakes to ensure the safety of the wildlife around you

Employing any or all of these tips has the ability to keep aquatic ecosystems safe and undisturbed, contributing to the overall health of lakes and waterways within The Land Between. Practicing these boat conscious tips will allow you and the wildlife around you to be safer and enjoy your time out on the water!

Download in PDF: Recreational Boating and the Environment

To find out more please follow the links below:

Surber, E. (1971). The Effect of Outboard Motor Exhaust Wastes on Fish and Their Environment. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 61(2), 120-123. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24535476

Winger, P. (2002). Toxicological Assessment of Aquatic Ecosystems: Application to Watercraft Contaminants in Shallow Water Environments. Journal of Coastal Research, 179-191. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25736351

http://www.trpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010-WI-Dept-of-Natural-Resources_UW-Boats-effects-on-ecosystems.pdf

https://eponline.com/Articles/2017/03/27/The-Environmental-Impacts-of-Boating.aspx?Page=2

https://www.nmma.ca/press/article/22148

http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/pyrethrins-ziram/tributyltin-ext.html

https://muskoka.civicweb.net/document/16874

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412007001845